Rubin Cockwell

ABSTRACT

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive systemic disorder characterized by persistent deterioration of renal function and widespread microvascular injury. Increasing evidence indicates that the retina and choroid are highly susceptible to vascular and hemodynamic disturbances associated with declining kidney function. These ocular tissues share structural and physiological similarities with the renal microcirculation, making them valuable indicators of systemic vascular health. Alterations in retinal and choroidal permeability contribute to impaired ocular fluid regulation, disruption of the blood–retinal barrier, and the development of vision-threatening complications in individuals with CKD.